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        <title>A TEI-based model to encode notarial charters (Asturias, 1260-1350 ca.)</title>
        <author>
          <name xml:id="EAF">
            <forename>Elena</forename>
            <surname>Albarrán-Fernández</surname>
          </name>
        </author>
        <funder n="1">Programa Severo Ochoa de ayudas predoctorales para la formación en
                    investigación y docencia del Principado de Asturias (2016). Duration:
                    2017-2021.</funder>
        <funder n="2">Programa de Apoyo y Promoción de la Investigación de la Universidad de
                    Oviedo (2019)</funder>
        <funder n="3">Proyecto &quot;Notariado y construcción social de la realidad. hacia una
                    codificación del documento notarial (siglo XII-XVII)&quot;. Supervisors: Pilar Ostos
                    Salcedo, Miguel Calleja Puerta. Ref: PGC2018-093495-B-I00. Duration:
                    2019-2022.</funder>
        <respStmt>
          <resp>Thesis director</resp>
          <persName xml:id="MCP">Miguel Calleja Puerta</persName>
        </respStmt>
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          <orgName corresp="https://informationsmodellierung.uni-graz.at" ref="http://d-nb.info/gnd/1137284463">Zentrum für
                   Informationsmodellierung - Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities,
                   Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz</orgName>
          <country>Austria</country>
        </publisher>
        <authority>
          <orgName corresp="https://informationsmodellierung.uni-graz.at" ref="http://d-nb.info/gnd/1137284463">Zentrum für
                   Informationsmodellierung - Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities,
                   Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz</orgName>
          <country>Austria</country>
        </authority>
        <distributor>
          <orgName ref="https://gams.uni-graz.at">GAMS - Geisteswissenschaftliches
                   Asset Management System</orgName>
        </distributor>
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          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0">Creative Commons
                   BY-NC 4.0</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2019">2019</date>
        <pubPlace>Graz</pubPlace>
        <idno type="PID">o:tei2019.105</idno>
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        <language ident="en">en</language>
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      <textClass>
        <keywords>
          <term>charters</term>
        </keywords>
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      <p>The transformation of social, political and administrative models all along the
                Mediterranean medieval cultures–Italy, French Midi, Christian Iberia–, made
                notaries public a powerful social agent. As part of a new cultural and laic
                social group, notaries acted as a bureaucratic link between the common people
                and the elites, allowing the access not only to writing, but also to legally
                valid instruments that would resist memory. Its nomination was disputed between
                the different authorities of the Castilian Crown –monarchy, Church and
                nobility–as an element of jurisdictional power. The study is focused on the
                notarial institution and its documentary production from mid XIIIth to mid XIVth
                centuries. Most of these documents come from Benedictine and Cistercian
                monasteries established in Asturias–San Pelayo and San Vicente of Oviedo or
                Santa María of Belmonte are some of them–, but also from Oviedo’s Cathedral and
                some relevant city councils back in medieval times. Nowadays, many of the
                documents that make up the corpus are still preserved in this northern region,
                while another important amount of them is stored at the Archivo Histórico
                Nacional, in Madrid. The dispersion of these documentary collections adds more
                difficulties to the task: in the best-case scenario, there is already a
                digitised version of the document–e.g. in Portal de Archivos Españoles (PARES) ,
                also accessible at Monasterium (MOM) –; if the first option is not available,
                the researchers have to go where the documents are preserved to proceed with
                their work. The foundations of this research project were established in 1986 at
                the VII Congress of the Commission Internationale de Diplomatique (Sanz, 1989).
                From this moment on, studies about notarial documentary production and notarial
                institution have evolved. Research projects focusing on early stage notarial
                history share three common purposes: to trace the different phases in the
                implantation of a renewed institution, and to measure the gradual reception of
                the restored Roman Law and specific legislative works; to observe the
                transformation of documentary forms and check the increasing use of writing and
                written instruments; and to document the jurisdictional and political tensions
                for the control of notaries public. Nevertheless, the methodological approaches
                have evolved since then according to the needs of recent research projects.
                Larger documentary corpora, massive digital repositories or complex crossed
                queries are some of our current assets to push diplomatics–and digital
                diplomatics– research further (De Paermentier, 2014). To achieve those
                objectives, the methodology developed attended to several aspects: on a
                historic-diplomatic basis, we have applied a TEI-based model–following the
                example led by the Charters Encoding Initiative (CEI) – attending to archival
                data, diplomatic features and socio-political aspects. Each manuscript has its
                own XML document, as the corpus is constructed with approximately 400 individual
                documents. The three main elements of our TEI-based model are: fileDesc,
                contains the information related to our thesis project and research group and
                the archival file sheet of each document; profileDesc, contains the abstract and
                the diplomatic data such as the actio, redactio, traditio or the datatio; and
                the body, contains the transcription of the document, where the element seg
                identifies each part of its diplomatic structure, using attributes such as
                @function, @type and @subtype. This mark-up model was conceived to apply a
                systematic analysis of the data, in order to study the evolution of notarial
                documents in this early stage period. For example, the use and progressive loss
                of religious content in the formularies used by these first notaries public.
                Religious formulas can be found in the invocatio and spiritual penal clauses so,
                using XPath queries we have managed to: trace a chronological evolution of the
                invocatio in our corpus, registering the maintenance and progressive loss of
                this kind of formulas through a century– strong presence of invocatio formulas
                between 1270 and 1320 –. We have noted nine different variants of the invocatio
                -from its latin form In nomine Domini, amen to a more evolved romance variant En
                el nomne de Dios e de la Virgen Santa María sua madre, amen-; from the 142
                documents that contain an invocatio formula, we have identified the most
                recurrent juridical actions that make use of it– mostly sales, donations and
                avecindamientos (i.e., a neighborhood charter) –. In this work, we have exposed
                a mark-up system (based on TEI and CEI) which we are currently applying to
                extract, on a systematic basis, data from a wide range of documentary
                typologies. Furthermore, it can be used on other kind of documents such as the
                ones produced by pontifical and royal chancelleries. As future work, a more
                complex strategy of data analysis will be designed and applied. Our main purpose
                is to build a complete characterisation of the diplomatic tenor of the documents
                contained in our corpus. It will serve as an experimental database to test
                different types of analysis on large-size corpora and to produce a long-lasting
                encoding model. </p>
      <p>
        <listBibl>
          <bibl>M. J. Driscoll, E. Pierazzo (Eds.) (2016), Digital Scholarly Editing:
                        Theories and Practices. Cambridge, UK : Open Book Publishers,
                        https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0095.</bibl>
          <bibl>M. Calleja Puerta. (2015). A escribir a la villa. Clerecía urbana,
                        escribanos de concejo y notarios públicos en la Asturias del siglo XIII.
                        In Historia. Instituciones. Documentos (42, pp. 59-82). Sevilla,
                        España.</bibl>
          <bibl>A. Ambrosio, S. Barret, G. Vogeler (Eds.). (2014), Digital
                        diplomatics : the computer as a tool for the diplomatist ? (Vol. 14).
                        Köln, Germany: Böhlau Verlag.</bibl>
        </listBibl>
      </p>
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